一、七选五或填空式阅读

　　Passage1

　　English has become the world's number one language in the 20th century. In every country where is not the native language, especially in the Third World, people must strive to learn it to the best of their abilities, if they want to participate fully in the development of their countries.41）__________.

　　42） __________.Nonetheless, a world full of different language will disappear if the present trend in many countries to use English to replace the national or official languages in education, trade and even politics continues.43） __________ .

　　The Third World countries that are now using English as a medium of instruction are depriving 75 per cent of their future leaders of a proper education. According to many studies, only around 20 to 25 per cent of students in these countries can manage to learn the language of instruction as well as basic subjects at the same time. Many leaders of these Third World countries are obsessed with English and for them English is everything. They seem to believe that if the students speak English, they are already knowledgeable.44） __________ .

　　All the greatest countries of the world are great because they constantly use their own languages in all national development activities, including education. From a psychological point of view, those who are taught in their own language from the start will develop better self-confidence and self-reliance. From a linguistic point of view, the best brains can only be produced if students are educated in their own language from the start.45） __________.

　　There is nothing wrong, however, in learning a foreign language at advanced levels of education. But the best thing to do is to have a good education in one's native language first, then go abroad to have a university in a foreign language.

　　A） If this situation continues, the native or official languages of these countries will certainly die within two or three generations. This phenomenon has been called linguistic genocide. A language dies if it is not fully used in most activities, particularly as a medium of instruction in schools.

　　B） Those who are taught in a foreign language form the start will tend to be imitators and lack self-confidence. They will tend to rely on foreign consultants.

　　C） Suppose you work in a big firm and find and find English very important for your job because you often deal with foreign businessmen. Now you are looking a place where you can improve your English, especially your spoken English.

　　D） But many people are concerned that English's dominance will destroy native languages.

　　E） These leaders speak and write English much better than their national languages. If these leaders deliver speeches anywhere in the world they use English and they feel more at home with it and proud of their ability as well. The citizens of their countries do not understand their leader's speeches because they are made in a foreign language.

　　F） Here are some advertisements about English language training from newspapers. You may find the information you need.

　　G） A close examination reveals a great number of languages have fallen casualty to English. For example, it has wiped out Hawaiian, Welsh, Scotch Gaelic, Irish, native American languages, and many others. Luckily, some of these languages are now being revived, such as Hawaiian and Welsh, and these languages will live again, hopefully, if dedicated people continue their work of reviving them.

　　Passage 2

　　In 1959 the average American family paid $ 989 for a year's supply of food. In 1972 the family paid $1,311. That was a price increase of nearly one –third. Every family has had this sort of experience. Everyone agrees that the cost of feeding a family has risen sharply. But there is less agreement when reasons for the rise are being discussed. Who is really responsible?

　　Many blame the farmers who produce the vegetables, fruit, meat, eggs, and cheese that stores offer for sale. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the farmer's share of the $1,311 spent by the family in 1972 was $521. This was 31 percent more than the farmer had received in 1959.

　　But farmers claim that this increase was very small compared to the increase in their cost of living. Farmers tend to blame others for the sharp rise in food prices. They particularly blame those who process the farm products after the products leave the farm. These include truck drivers, meat packers, manufacturers of packages and other food containers, and the owners of stores where food is sold. 41） __________.

　　Of the $1,311 family food bill in 1972, middlement received $ 790, which was 33 percent more than they had received in 1959. It appears that the middlemen's profit has increased more than farmer's. But some economists claim that the middleman's actual profit was very law. According to economists at the First National City Bank, the profit for meat packers and food stores amounted to less than one per cent. During the same period all other manufacturers were making a profit of more than 5 per cent.42） __________ .

　　43） __________ .

　　Vegetables and chicken cost more when they have been cut into pieces by someone other than the one who buys it. A family should expect to pay more when several “TV dinners” are taken home from the store. These are fully cooked meals, consisting of meat, vegetables, and sometimes desert, all arranged on a metal dish. The dish is put into the over and heated while the housewife is doing something else. Such a convenience costs money. 44） __________.

　　Economists remind us many modern housewives have jobs outside the home. They earn money that helps to pay the family food bills. The housewife naturally has less time and energy for cooking after a day's work. She wants to buy many kinds of food that can be put on her family's table easily and quickly. 45） __________ .

　　It appears that the answer to the question for rising prices is not a simple one. Producers, consumers, and middlemen all share the responsibility for the sharp rise in food costs.

　　A） Thus, as economists point out:“ Some of the basic reasons for widening food price spreads are easily traceable to the increasing use of convenience foods, which transfer much of the time and work of meal preparation from the kitchen to the food processor's plant.”

　　B） They are among the “middlemen” who stand between the farmer and the people who buy and eat the food. Are middlemen the ones to blame for rising food prices?

　　C） “If the housewife wants all of these.” The economists say, “that is her privilege, but she must be prepared to pay for the services of the those who make her work easier.”

　　D） Who then is actually responsible for the size of the bill a housewife must pay before she carries the food home from the store? The economists at First National City Bank have an answer to give housewives, but many people will not like it. These economists blame the housewife herself for the jump in food prices. They say that food costs more now because women don't want to spend much time in the kitchen. Women prefer to buy food which has already been prepared before it reaches the market.

　　E） However, some economists believe that controls can have negative effects over a long period of time. In cities with rent control, the city government sets the maximum rent that a landlord can charge for an apartment.

　　F） Economists do not agree on some of the predictions. They also do not agree on the value of different decisions. Some economists support a particular decision while others criticize it.

　　G） By comparison with other members of the economic system both farmers and middlemen have profited surprisingly little from the rise in food prices.

 

　　Passage3

　　Growing cooperation among branches of tourism has proved valuable to all concerned. Government bureaus, trade and travel association carriers and properties are all working together to bring about optimum conditions for travelers.

　　41） __________.They distribute materials to agencies, such as journals, brochures and advertising projects.42） __________ .

　　Tourist counselors give valuable seminars to acquaint agents with new programs and techniques in selling. 43） __________ .

　　Properties and agencies work closely together to make the most suitable contracts, considering both the comfort of the clients and their own profitable financial arrangement. 44） __________ .

　　45） __________.Carriers are dependent upon agencies to supply passengers, and agencies are dependent upon carriers to present them with marketable tours. All services must work together for greater efficiency, fair pricing and contented customers.

　　A） The same confidence exists between agencies and carriers including car-rental and sight-seeing services.

　　B） They offer familiarization and workshop tours so that in a short time agents can obtain first-hand knowledge of the tours.

　　C） Travel operators, specialists in the field of planning, sponsor extensive research programs. They have knowledge of all areas and all carrier services, and they are experts in organizing different types of tours and in preparing effective advertising campaigns.

　　D） As a result of teamwork, tourism is flouring in all countries.

　　E） Agencies rely upon the good services of hotels, and , conversely, hotels rely upon

　　agencies, to fulfill their contracts and to send them clients.

　　F） In this way agents learn to explain destinations and to suggest different modes and combinations of travel- Planes, ships, trains, motorcoaches, car-rentals, and even car purchases.

　　G） Consequently, the agencies started to pay more attention to the comfort of travel.

　　Passage 4

　　Fields across Europe are contaminated with dangerous levels of the antibiotics given to farm animals. The drugs, which are in manure sprayed onto fields as fertilizers, could be getting into our food and water, helping to create a new generation of antibiotic-resistant “superbugs ” .

　　The warning comes from a researcher in Switzerland who looked at levels of the drugs in farm slurry.41） __________ .

　　Some 20,000 tons antibiotics are used in the European Union and the US each year. More than half are given to farm-animals to prevent disease and promote growth. 42） __________.

　　Most researchers assumed that humans become infected with the resistant strains by eating contaminated meat. But far more of the drugs end up in manure than in meat products, says Stephen Mueller of the Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology in Dubendorf. 43） __________ .

　　With millions of tons animals manure spread onto fields of cops such as wheat and barley each year, this pathway seems an equally likely route for spreading resistance, he said. The drugs contaminate the crops, which are then eaten. 44） __________ .

　　Mueller is particularly concerned about a group of antibiotics called sulphonamides. 45） __________ .This concentration is high enough to trigger the development of resistance among bacteria. But vets are not treating the issue seriously.

　　There is growing concern at the extent to which drugs, including antibiotics, are polluting the environment. Many drugs given to humans are also excreted unchanged and broken down by conventional treatment.

　　A） They don't easily degrade or dissolve in water. His analysis found that Swiss farm manure contains a high percentage of sulphonamides; each hectare of field could be contaminated with up to 1 kilogram of the drugs.

　　B） And manure contains especially high levels of bugs that are resistant to antibiotics, he says.

　　C） Animal antibiotics is still an area to which insufficient attention has been paid.

　　D） But recent research has found a direct link between the increased use of these farmyard drugs and the appearance of antibiotic-resistant bugs that infect people.

　　E） His findings are particularly shocking because Switzerland is one of the few countries to have banned antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed.

　　F） They could also be leaching into tap water pumped from rocks beneath fertilized fields.

　　G） There is no doubt that the food and drink is always important to the health.

 

　　Passage 5

　　The main problem in discussing American popular culture is also one of its main characteristics: it won't stay American. No matter what it is, whether it is films, food and fashion, music, casual sports or slang, it's soon at home elsewhere in the world. There are several theories why American popular culture has had this appeal.

　　One theory is that is has been “advertised” and marketed through American films, popular music, and more recently, television. 41） __________ .They are, after all, in competition with those produced by other countries.

　　Another theory, probably a more common one, is that American popular culture is internationally associated with something called “ the spirit of America .” 42）_________ .

　　The final theory is less complex: American popular culture is popular because a lot of people in the world like it.

　　Regardless of why its spreads, American popular culture is usually quite rapidly adopted and then adapted in many other countries. 43）__________ . Black leather jackets worn by many heroes in American movies could be found, a generation later, on all those young men who wanted to make this manly-look their own.

　　Two areas where this continuing process is most clearly seen are clothing and music. Some people can still remember a time. When T-shirts, jogging clothes, tennis shoes, denim jackets, and blue jeans were not common daily wear everywhere .Only twenty years ago, it was possible to spot an American in Paris by his or her clothes. No longer so: those bright colors, checkered jackets and trousers, hats and socks which were once made fun in cartoons are back again in Paris as the latest fashion. 44） __________ .

　　The situation with American popular music is more complex because in the beginning, when it was still clearly American, it was often strongly resisted. Jazz was once thought to be a great danger to youth and their morals, and was actually outlawed in several countries. Today, while still showing its rather American roots, it has become so well established. Rock “n” roll and all its variations, country & western music, all have more or less similar histories. They were first resisted, often on America as well, as being “low-class,” and then as “a danger to our nation's youth.” 45）__________ . And then the music became accepted and was extended and was extended and developed, and exported back to the U.S.

　　A） As a result, its American origins and roots are often quickly forgotten. “happy birthday to you,” for instance, is such an everyday song that its source, its American copyright, so to speak, is not remembered.

　　B） But this theory fails to explain why American films, music, and television, programs are so popular in themselves.

　　C） American in origin, informal clothing has become the world's first truly universal style.

　　D） The BBC, for example, banned rock and roll until 1962.

　　E） American food has become popular around the world too.

　　F） This spirit is variously described as being young and free, optimistic and confident, informal and disrespectful.

　　G） It is hardly surprising that the public concern contributes a lot to the spread of their culture.

　　Passage 6

　　Albert Einstein, whose theories on space time and matter helped unravel the secrets of the atom and of the universe, was chosen as “Person of the Century by Time magazine on Sunday.

　　A man whose very name is synonymous with scientific genius, Einstein has come to represent more than any other person the flowering of 20th century scientific thought that set the stage for the age of technology.

　　”The world has changed far more in the past 100 years than in any other century in history. The reason is not political or economic, but technological-technologies that flowed directly from advances in basic science,“ wrote theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking in a time essay explaining Einstein's significance. 41） __________ .

　　Time chose as runner-up President Franklin Roosevelt to represent the triumph of freedom and democracy over fascism, and Mahatma Gandhi as an icon for a century when civil and human rights became crucial factors in global politics.

　　”What we saw was Franklin Roosevelt embodying the great theme of freedom's fight against totalitarianism , Gandhi personifying the great theme of individual struggling for their rights, and Einstein being both a great genius and a great symbol of a scientific revolution that brought with it amazing technological advances that helped expand the growth of freedom,“ said Time Magazine Editor Walter Isaacson.

　　Einstein was born in Ulm , Germany in 1879. 42） __________ .He could not stomach organized learning and loathed taking exams.

　　In 1905, however, he was to publish a theory which stands as one of the most intricate examples of human imagination in history. 43） __________ . Everything else----mass, weight, space, even time itself ----is a variable. And he offered the world his now –famous equation: energy equals mass times the speed of light squared ---E=mc2

　　44） __________ .

　　45） __________ . Einstein did not work on the project. Einstein died in Princeton, New Jersey in 1955.

　　A） ”Indirectly, relativity paved the way for a new relativism in morality, art and politics,“ Isaacson wrote in an essay explaining Time's choices.” There was less faith in absolutes, not of time and space but also of truth and morality.“ Einstein's famous equation was also the seed that led to the development of atomic energy and weapons. In 1939, six years after he fled European fascism and settled at Princeton University, Einstein, an avowed pacifist, signed a letter to President Roosevelt urging the United States to develop an atomic bomb before Nazi Germany did.

　　B） How he thought of the relativity theory influenced the general public's view about Albert Einstein.

　　C） ”Clearly, no scientist better represents those advances than Albert Einstein.“

　　D） Roosevelt heeded the advice and formed the ”Manhattan Project“ that secretly developed the first atomic weapon.

　　E） In his early years, Einstein did not show the promise of what he was to become. He was slow to learn to learn to speak and did not do well in elementary school.

　　F） In his ”Special Theory of Relativity,“ Einstein described how the only constant in the universe is the speed of light

　　G） It is said that Einstein's success lies in the fact that few people can understand his theories.

 

 　　Passage 7

　　Twenty years ago a debate erupted about whether there were specific “Asian values”。 Most attention focused on dubious claims by autocrats that democracy was not among them. But a more intriguing, if less noticed, argument was that traditional family values were stronger in Asia than in America and Europe, and that this partly accounted for Asia's economic success. （1）_________

　　On the face of it his claim appears persuasive still. In most of Asia, marriage is widespread and illegitimacy almost unknown. In contrast, half of marriages in some Western countries end in divorce, and half of all children are born outside wedlock. The recent riots across Britain, whose origins many believe lie in an absence of either parental guidance or filial respect, seem to underline a profound difference between East and West.

　　Yet marriage is changing fast in East, South-East and South Asia, even though each region has different traditions. The changes are different from those that took place in the West in the second half of the 20th century. Divorce, though rising in some countries, remains comparatively rare. What's happening in Asia is a flight from marriage.

　　Marriage rates are falling partly because people are postponing getting hitched. Marriage ages have risen all over the world, but the increase is particularly marked in Asia.（2）_________

　　A lot of Asians are not marrying later. They are not marrying at all. Almost a third of Japanese women in their early 30s are unmarried; probably half of those will always be. （3） ____________So far, the trend has not affected Asia's two giants, China and India.

　　Women are retreating from marriage as they go into the workplace. That's partly because, for a woman, being both employed and married is tough in Asia. Women there are the primary caregivers for husbands, children and, often, for ageing parents; and even when in full-time employment, they are expected to continue to play this role. This is true elsewhere in the world, but the burden that Asian women carry is particularly heavy. （4）_______________ Not surprisingly, Asian women have an unusually pessimistic view of marriage. According to a survey carried out this year, many fewer Japanese women felt positive about their marriage than did Japanese men, or American women or men.

　　At the same time as employment makes marriage tougher for women, it offers them an alternative. More women are financially independent, so more of them can pursue a single life that may appeal more than the drudgery of a traditional marriage. More education has also contributed to the decline of marriage, because Asian women with the most education have always been the most reluctant to wed—and there are now many more highly educated women.

　　The flight from marriage in Asia is thus the result of the greater freedom that women enjoy these days, which is to be celebrated. But it is also creating social problems. Compared with the West, Asian countries have invested less in pensions and other forms of social protection, on the assumption that the family will look after ageing or ill relatives. That can no longer be taken for granted. The decline of marriage is also contributing to the collapse in the birth rate. （5）________________And there are other, less obvious issues. Marriage socialises men: it is associated with lower levels of testosterone and less criminal behaviour. Less marriage might mean more crime.

　　Can marriage be revived in Asia? Maybe, if expectations of those roles of both sexes change; but shifting traditional attitudes is hard. Governments cannot legislate away popular prejudices. They can, though, encourage change. Relaxing divorce laws might, paradoxically, boost marriage. Women who now steer clear of wedlock might be more willing to tie the knot if they know it can be untied—not just because they can get out of the marriage if it doesn't work, but also because their freedom to leave might keep their husbands on their toes. Family law should give divorced women a more generous share of the couple's assets.

　　[A] Fertility in East Asia has fallen from 5.3 children per woman in the late 1960s to 1.6 now. In countries with the lowest marriage rates, the fertility rate is nearer 1.0. That is beginning to cause huge demographic problems, as populations age with startling speed.

　　[B]Asian governments have long taken the view that the superiority of their family life was one of their big advantages over the West. That confidence is no longer warranted. They need to wake up to the huge social changes happening in their countries and think about how to cope with the consequences.

　　[C]People there now marry even later than they do in the West. The mean age of marriage in the richest places—Japan, Taiwan, South Korea and Hong Kong—has risen sharply in the past few decades, to reach 29-30 for women and 31-33 for men.

　　[D]Family law should give divorced women a more generous share of the couple's assets. Governments should also legislate to get employers to offer both maternal and paternal leave, and provide or subsidise child care. If taking on such expenses helped promote family life, it might reduce the burden on the state of looking after the old.

　　[E]Over one-fifth of Taiwanese women in their late 30s are single; most will never marry. In some places, rates of non-marriage are especially striking: in Bangkok, 20% of 40-44-year old women are not married; in Tokyo, 21%; among university graduates of that age in Singapore, 27%.

　　[F]In the words of Lee Kuan Yew, former prime minister of Singapore and a keen advocate of Asian values, the Chinese family encouraged “scholarship and hard work and thrift and deferment of present enjoyment for future gain”。

　　[G]Japanese women, who typically work 40 hours a week in the office, then do, on average, another 30 hours of housework. Their husbands, on average, do three hours. And Asian women who give up work to look after children find it hard to return when the offspring are grown.

　　Passage 8

　　In the English-speaking world, people escape from frying pans into fires. In Thailand, the proverb is couched differently: people are said to escape from tigers only to be eaten by crocodiles. （1）_______________With that in mind, the Bank of Thailand raised interest rates on August 24th for the ninth time since mid-2010. But it was a split decision. The economic woes of America and Europe have darkened Asia's mood. Some can again hear the tiger's growl.

　　After last year's swift recovery from recession, policymakers in developing Asian countries congratulated themselves on the resilience of their economies. （2）_______________In April 2009 the Thai central bank cut rates to 1.25%—lower than in most Asian economies—alongside a fiscal push worth 3% of GDP. Emerging economies were hit harder than optimists expected, but responded better than pessimists feared.

　　That resilience may be tested again sooner than anyone would have liked. In announcing its latest rate decision, the Bank of Thailand noted the dangers posed to the economy by a slowdown in America and Europe. （3）____________________But the bank found consolation in Thailand's growing sales to its neighbours and to “new” markets farther afield. Last year China overtook America to become the country's leading customer.

　　That trend is not unique to Thailand. Most of its neighbours now sell a smaller share of their exports to America and Europe than they did before the crisis （see chart）。 The precise percentages may be misleading. These exports include parts and components that may end up in the West, after first being assembled into final products in another country. But there is no denying the trend.

　　The region's economies are not, then, as vulnerable to the tiger's claws as they were in 2008. The crocodile, on the other hand, is uncomfortably close. Thailand's headline consumer-price inflation （4.1% in the year to July） was too high for the central bank's comfort, but lower than in many of its neighbours, such as China （6.5%）， India, where wholesale prices rose by 9.2%, or Vietnam, where consumer prices rose by an alarming 23% in the year to August.

　　Asia's campaign against inflation has dragged on longer than its central bankers hoped. Higher food and commodity prices were expected to drop out of the inflation figures eventually, but instead seem to have leached into other consumer prices. （4）________________The big exceptions are Taiwan, where the discount rate is less than 1.9%, and Singapore, which carries out monetary policy by setting a path for the exchange rate, not the interest rate. With rates in America at rock bottom, and the Singapore dollar set to strengthen against its American counterpart, interest rates in Singapore are extraordinarily low.

　　Reducing rates would help Asia's economies withstand a modest slowdown in the West. Goldman Sachs, for example, has cut its 2011 rate forecast for Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Taiwan, but has barely trimmed its growth forecasts for these countries.（5）___________

　　A fiscal response would do more to buoy demand in the rest of the world, as it did from 2007 to 2009, when budget balances deteriorated markedly throughout the region.

　　With luck, another stimulus package will not be necessary. A modest slowdown in the West might even take the pressure off prices in Asia, without doing undue harm to the region's growth—a case perhaps of the tiger eating the crocodile.

　　[A]Thailand remains highly exposed to global trade: exports, including air conditioners, video cameras and fridges, as well as tourism, accounted for over 70% of its GDP in 2010.

　　[B] But rate cuts would also weaken the region's exchange rates, sharpening their competitiveness and doing little to help economies outside Asia.

　　[C]Their docile banking systems, high saving rates and hoards of foreign exchange shielded them from the worst of the financial chaos. Their efforts to tighten fiscal and monetary policy before the crisis struck gave them room to loosen up in response, as exports collapsed and confidence evaporated.

　　[D]The Thai economy, like many in Asia, sprang free from the great recession surprisingly quickly. This year the bigger threat has been the widening jaws of inflation.

　　[E]America will overcome its current economic woes and Europe will muddle through.

　　[F]One consequence of this prolonged fight is that nominal interest rates have been raised off the floor. Indonesia's policy rate is now 6.75%; India's is 8%. That gives central bankers some room to cut if the world economy sags.

　　[G]Thailand's new prime minister, Yingluck Shinawatra, is contemplating another budgetary splurge. But policymakers elsewhere will be reluctant to spill the red ink again.

 

　　二、排序题

　　Passage 1

　　Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs A and D have been correctly placed.

　　[A] Subscription has proved by far the best way of paying for highquality television. Advertising veers up and down with the economic cycle, and can be skipped by using digital video recorders. And any outfit that depends on advertising is liable to worry more about offending advertisers than about pleasing viewers. Voluntary subscription is also preferable to the compulsory, universal variety that pays for the BBC and other European public broadcasters. A broadcaster supported by a tax on everyone must try to please everyone. And a government can starve public broadcasters of money, too—as the BBC is painfully learning.

　　[B] What began as an interesting experiment has become the standard way of supporting highquality programming. Most of the great television dramas that are watched in America and around the world appear first on payTV channels. Having shown others how to make gangster dramas with “The Sopranos”， HBO is laying down the standard for fantasy with “Game of Thrones”。 Other payTV channels have delved into 1960s advertising （“Mad Men”）， drug dealing （“Breaking Bad”） and Renaissance court society （“The Borgias”）。 PayTV firms outside America, like Britains BSkyB, are beginning to pour money into original series. Talent is drifting to paytelevision, in part because there are fewer appealing roles in film. Meanwhile, broadcast networks have retreated into a safe zone of sitcoms, police procedurals and singing competitions.

　　[C] But pay television is now under threat, especially in America. Prices have been driven so high at a time of economic malaise that many people simply cannot afford it. Disruptive, deeppocketed firms like Amazon and Netflix lurk, whispering promises of internetdelivered films and television shows for little or no money. Whether the lure of such alternatives or poverty is what is causing people to cancel their subscriptions is not clear. But the proportion of Americans who pay for TV is falling. Other countries may follow.

　　[D] Pay TV executives argue that people will always find ways of paying for their wares, perhaps by cutting back on cinema tickets or bottled water. That notion seems increasingly hopeful. Every month it appears more likely that the pay TV system will break down. The era of evergrowing channel choice is coming to an end; cable and satellite distributors will begin to prune the least popular ones. They may push “best of basic” packages, offering the most desirable channels—and perhaps leaving out sport. In the most disruptive scenario, no longer unimaginable, payTV would become a free for all, with channels hawking themselves directly to consumers, perhaps sending their content over the internet. How can media firms survive in such a world?

　　[E] Fifteen years ago nearly all the television shows that excited critics and won awards appeared on free broadcast channels. Paytelevision （or, as many Americans call it, “cable”） was the domain of repeats, music videos and televangelists. Then HBO, a subscription outfit mostly known for boxing and films, decided to try its hand at hour long dramas.

　　[F] But television as a whole should emerge stronger. If people buy individual channels rather than a huge bundle, they will have to think about what they really value—the more so because each channel will cost more than it does at present. Media firms will improve their game in response. The activity that diverts the average American for some four and a half hours each day should become more gripping, not less.

　　[G] It wont be easy. They will have to start marketing heavily: at present the payTV distributors do that for them. They must produce much more of their own programming. Repeats and old films lose their appeal in a world in which consumers can instantly call up vast archives. If they are to sell directly to the audience they will have to become technology firms, building apps and much slicker websites than they have now, which anticipate what customers might want to watch.

　　1→2→A→3→D→4→5

　　Passage 2

　　Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs D and E have been correctly placed.

　　[A] For publishers, though, it is a dangerous time. Book publishing resembles the newspaper business in the late 1990s, or music in the early 2000s. Although revenues are fairly stable, and the traditional route is still the only way to launch a blockbuster, the climate is changing. Some of the publishers functions—packaging books and promoting them to shops—are becoming obsolete. Algorithms and online recommendations threaten to replace them as arbiters of quality. The tide of selfpublished books threatens to swamp their products. As bookshops close, they lose a crucial showcase. And they face, as the record companies did, a nearmonopoly controlling digital distribution: Amazon's grip over the ebook market is much like Apple's control of music downloads.

　　[B] They also need to become more efficient. Digital books can be distributed globally, but publishers persist in dividing the world into territories with separate editorial staffs. In the digital age it is daft to take months or even years to get a book to market. And if they are to distinguish their wares from selfpublished dross, they must get better at choosing books, honing ideas and polishing copy. If publishers are to hold readers' attention they must tell a better story—and edit out all the spelling mistakes as well.

　　[C] For readers, this is splendid. Just as Amazon collapsed distance by bringing a huge range of books to outoftheway places, it is now collapsing time, by enabling readers to download books instantly. Moreover, anybody can now publish a book, through Amazon and a number of other services.

　　[D] During the next few weeks publishers will release a crush of books, pile them onto delivery lorries and fight to get them on the display tables at the front of bookshops in the runup to Christmas. It is an impressive display of competitive commercial activity. It is also increasingly pointless.

　　[E] Yet there are still two important jobs for publishers. They act as the venture capitalists of the words business, advancing money to authors of worthwhile books that might not be written otherwise. And they are editors, picking good books and improving them. So it would be good, not just for their shareholders but also for intellectual life, if they survived.

　　[F] More quickly than almost anyone predicted, ebooks are emerging as a serious alternative to the paper kind. Amazon, comfortably the biggest ebook retailer, has lowered the price of its Kindle ereaders to the point where people do not fear to take them to the beach. In America, the most advanced market, about one fifth of the largest publishers sales are of e books. Newly released blockbusters may sell as many digital copies as paper ones. The proportion is growing quickly, not least because many bookshops are closing.

　　[G] They are doing some things right. Having watched the record companies impotence after Apple wrested control of music pricing from them, the publishers have managed to retain their ability to set prices. But they are missing some tricks. The music and film industries have started to bundle electronic with physical versions of their products—by, for instance, providing those who buy a DVD of a movie with a code to download it from the internet. Publishers, similarly, should bundle e books with paper books.

　　D→1→2→3→E→4→5

 

　　Passage 3

　　Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed.

　　[A] Fifteen years ago Vincent Bolloré， a French industrialist, decided to get into the business of electricity storage. He started a project to produce rechargeable batteries in two small rooms of his family mansion in Brittany. “I asked him, 'what are you doing? and I told him to stop, that it wouldn t go anywhere,” says Alain Minc, a business consultant in Paris who has advised Mr Bolloré for many years. Fortunately, he says, Mr Bolloré continued.

　　[B] The real aim for Mr Bolloré， however, is to showcase his battery technology. His group has developed a type of rechargeable cell, called a lithiummetal polymer （LMP） battery. This is different from the lithiumion batteries used by most of the car industry. Mr Bolloré believes fervently that his batteries are superior, mainly because they are safer. Lithiumion batteries can explode if they overheat—which in the past happened in some laptops. Carmakers incorporate safety features to prevent the batterys cells from overheating.

　　[C] The city of Paris will cover most of the cost of the stations, but Mr Bolloré will pay an estimated 105m to supply his design of “Bluecar” vehicles and their batteries. He will bear a further 80m a year in running costs. The citys estimates for how popular the new service will be are highly optimistic, said a recent study by the government. Autolib could make 33ma year for Mr Bolloré， according to the study, but it could easily just breakeven or lose as much as 60mannually. Autolib will also be the first time the group has operated in a big consumerfacing business where it will be held directly responsible for problems such as vandalism or breakdowns.

　　[D] Going up against the rest of the car industry may seem quixotic. Before he won Autolib, Mr Bolloré says, people may well have thought he and his team were mad to venture into such a new area. But they underestimated his groups knowledge of electricity storage, he maintains. And if the growing number of electric cars on the road does lead to safety concerns over batteries, then Mr Bollorés LMP technology could move from the margin to the mainstream—provided, of course, they pass their test on the streets of Paris.

　　[E] “Being a family company means we can invest for the long term,” says Mr Bolloré， who has spent 1.5 billion on battery development since 1996. Most of his groups money comes from transport and logistics, with a strong position in Africa, and from petrol distribution in France. Mr Bolloré has also made billions from financial investments such as in Rue Imperiale, a holding company. Autolib will be keenly watched throughout the car industry. It is the first largescale city carsharing service to use only electric vehicles from the outset; a scheme in Ulm in Germany, by contrast, started with diesel vehicles. Running Autolib could mean shouldering substantial losses for the Bolloré Group. Mr Bolloré was not expected to win the contract, but did so mainly because he offered low rental charges for drivers.

　　[F] Mr Bollorés LMP batteries are said to be more stable when being charged and discharged, which is when batteries come under most strain. Just two European carmakers have seen the batteries, which are made only by the Bolloré Group. One carindustry executive says that though the LMP technology is attractive from a safety point of view, the batteries have to be heated up to function—which takes power and makes them less convenient to use.

　　[G] Mr Bollorés technology is about to hit the road. In 2010 his group won a contract to run Autolib, a carsharing scheme designed by Bertrand Delane, the mayor of Paris, which will put 3,000 electric vehicles on the city s streets along with 1,120 stations for parking and recharging. Construction of the stations started in the summer, and Mr Bolloré will begin testing the service on October 1st before opening it to the public in December. Rechargeable batteries are now an important technology for the global car industry as it starts to make ever more electric and hybrid vehicles. Renault, a French manufacturer, is alone investing 4 billion （$5.6 billion） in a range of electric models which it will start selling this autumn. Many producers will unveil new electric vehicles next week when the Frankfurt Motor Show opens.

　　1→2→3→C→4→F→5

　　Passage 4

　　Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs A and D have been correctly placed.

　　[A] The contest has been held in anticipation of a new era of pylon building. By 2020, a quarter of the countrys current generating capacity will need replacing; the government hopes the new supply will come from renewable sources such as onshore and offshore wind farms. Todays offshore capacity is just 7% of ministers targets for the end of the decade—and all of the new generation out to sea will need to land transmission cables ashore. The existing electricity grid is in the wrong place for many of these new sources of power. That creates a paradox: trying to save the world by cutting carbon emissions means scarring particular bits of it by dragging new power lines through scenic countryside.

　　[B] This is an old problem. The launch of Britains national electricity grid in 1933 was decried for desecrating the landscape. More recently, the location of wind farms has prompted similar debates. The difficulty with pylons is that they go everywhere. Scotland has had nearly five years of disputes over the planned 600pylon upgrade of a transmission line running from Beauly in the Highlands to the central belt where more electricity is used. The same clashes will now play out in England and Wales. A new planning commission was set up in 2009 to speed up the glacial pace of infrastructure decisionmaking. But weighing economic demands against beauty remains a thorny and potentially time-consuming job.

　　[C] Opponents of towering pylons say the answer is to bury power lines: at present only 950km of Britains 13,000km of highvoltage cable runs underground, most of it in urban areas. But sinking wires, which means clearing a corridor 17m to 40m wide and cannot be done in all terrains, carries an environmental toll too. “You are effectively sterilising land use in the area,” says Richard Smith of National Grid; no planting, digging or building is allowed. That makes installing subsurface cables 12 to 17 times as pricey as overhead lines, according to National Grid （they also need replacing sooner）。 Since consumers pay for this through their electricity bills, everyone would have to fork out to protect the views and house prices of a few people.

　　[D] So finding a new shape for pylons may be only one aspect of the coming power rows. But it will be a tricky one. Typically the best designs combine elegance with utility. Yet rather than being a feature in itself, the optimal pylon blends in with nature. Thats a tough task for 20 tons of steel, however impressively shaped.

　　[E] The skeletal, lattice design of Britains electricity pylons has changed little since the first one was raised in 1928. Many countries have copied these “striding steel sentries”， as the poet Stephen Spender called them; more than 88,000 now march across the countrys intermittently green and pleasant land.

　　[F] Now six new models are vying to replace these familiar steel towers. The finalists in a governmentsponsored competition to design a new pylon include a single shard spiking into the sky and an arced, open bow. After a winner is picked in October, National Grid, which runs the electricitytransmission network, will decide whether to construct it.

　　[G] But the price of despoiling pretty scenery is hard to calculate. The risk is that the cost of damaging the landscape is ignored because it is not ascribed a monetary value, says Steve Albon, coauthor of a governmentcommissioned report on how much the natural environment contributes to Britains economy. As yet, though, no one has found an easy or accepted measure of this worth to help make decisions.

　　1→2→A→3→4→5→D

 

　　Passage 5

　　Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs C and E have been correctly placed.

　　[A] Nor can it buy companies as freely as postal services in Europe, Canada or Asia have been doing for the past decade. Many European countries, as well as New Zealand and Japan, have already privatised or liberalised their postal services. Combined, foreign posts now get most of their revenue from new businesses such as retailing or banking for consumers, or warehousing and logistics for companies.

　　[B] THE US Postal Service has an unofficial creed that harks back to Herodotus, who was admiring the Persian Empires stalwart messengers. Its own history is impressive too, dating to a royal license by William and Mary in 1692, and including Benjamin Franklin as a notable postmaster, both for the crownand then for the newly independent country. Ever since, the post has existed “to bind the Nation together”。

　　[C] Quasiindependent since 1970, the post gets no public money. And yet it is obliged （as FedEx and UPS are not） to visit every mailbox, no matter how remote, six days a week. This has driven the average cost of each piece of mail up from 34 cents in 2006 to 41 cents. Yet the post is not allowed to raise prices （of stamps and such） willynilly; a 2006 law set formulas for that. So in effect, the post cannot control either its costs or its revenues.

　　[D] So Americas post is looking for other solutions. It is planning to close post offices; up to 3,653, out of about 32,000. This month it announced plans to lay off another 120,000 workers by 2015, having already bidden adieu to some 110,000 over the past four years （for a total of about 560,000 now）。 It also wants to fiddle with its workers pensions and health care.

　　[E] Ultimately, says Mr Donahoe, the post will have to stop delivering mail on Saturdays. Then perhaps on other days too. The post has survived new technologies before, he points out. “In 1910, we owned the most horses, by 1920 we owned the most vehicles.” But the internet just might send it the way of the pony express.

　　[F] But as ever more Americans go online instead of sending paper, the volume of mail has been plummeting. The decline is steeper than even pessimists expected a decade ago, says Patrick Donahoe, the current postmastergeneral. Worse, because the post must deliver to every address in the country—about 150m, with some 1.4m additions every year—costs are simultaneously going up. As a result, the post has lost $20 billion in the last four years and expects to lose another $8 billion this fiscal year.

　　[G] And although the recession made everything worse, the internet is the main culprit. As Christmas cards have gone online （and “green”）， so have bills. In 2000, 5% of Americans paid utilities online. Last year 55% did, and eventually everybody will, says Mr Donahoe. Photos now go on Facebook, magazines come on iPads. Already, at least for Americans under a certain age, the post delivers only bad news or nuisances, from jury summonses to junk mail. Pleasant deliveries probably arrive by a parcel service such as UPS or FedEx.

　　1→2→3→C→4→5→E

　　Passage 6

　　Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs A and B have been correctly placed.

　　[A] Among national newspapers, paywalls are still rare, though the New York Times and the Times of London both have them. Most wallbuilding is being done by small local outfits. “Local newspapers are more vital to their communities, and they have less competition,” explains Ken Doctor, the author of “Newsonomics”

　　[B] The paywallbuilders tend to report a drop in online traffic. But not usually a steep drop, and not always an enduring one. Oklahomas Tulsa World, which started demanding subscriptions from heavy online readers in April, reports that traffic in August of this year was higher than a year earlier. One possible explanation, odd as it may sound, is that readers are still discovering its website. “We have paper subscribers who want nothing to do with the internet,” explains Robert Lorton, the Tulsa Worlds publisher. Fewer than half of the newspapers print subscribers have so far signed up for unrestricted free access to the website. Other newspapers report similar proportions.

　　[C] That suggests the game is not over. The earlyadopting young abandoned print newspapers long ago. But many newspapers have a surprisingly large, if dwindling, herd of paying customers. They will milk them as hard as they can.

　　[D] On October 10th the Baltimore Sun will join a fastgrowing club. The newspaper will start tracking the number of times people read its stories online; when they reach a limit of 15 a month, they will be asked to pay. Local bloggers may squawk about content wanting to be free. But perhaps not as much as they would have done a few months ago. There is a sense of inevitability about paywalls. In April 2010 PaidContent, an online publication, found 26 American local and metropolitan newspapers charging for online access. Several times that number now do so. More than 100 newspapers are using Press+, an online payment system developed in part by a former publisher of the Wall Street Journal. Media News, a newspaper group, put up two paywalls in 2010; it has erected 23 so far this year.

　　[E] Why the rush? One reason is that building paywalls has become easier: Press+ and Googles One Pass will collect online subscriptions on behalf of newspapers, skimming a little off the top. The popularity of Apples iPad is another explanation. Many newspapers have created paidfor apps. There is little point doing that if a tablet user can simply read the news for free on a web browser. But the big push comes from advertising—or the lack of it.

　　[F] The most ambitious architects are in Europe. Since May Slovakia has had a virtual national paywall—a single payment system that encompasses nine of the countrys biggest publications. Slovaks who want to read news online pay 2.90 （$3.90） a month, which is split between the newspapers according to a formula that accounts for where people signed up and how heavily they use each publications website. Piano Media, which built the system, plans to launch another national paywall in Europe early next year.

　　[G] Jim Moroney, publisher of the Dallas Morning News, says American newspapers used to abide by an “8020” rule. That is, 80% of their revenues came from advertising and 20% came from subscriptions. Those days are over. Newspaper advertising, print and online combined, has crashed from $9.6 billion in the second quarter of 2008 to $6 billion in the second quarter of 2011, according to the Newspaper Association of America. Few believe it will ever fully recover. So the race is on to build a subscription business, both in print （cover prices are going up） and online.

　　1→A→2→3→4→B→5

 

　　Passage 7

　　Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs A and G have been correctly placed.

　　[A] A GOOD unit of measurement, writes Robert Crease, must satisfy three conditions. It has to be easy to relate to, match the things it is meant to measure in scale （no point using inches to describe geographical distances） and be stable. In his new book, “World in the Balance”， Mr Crease, who teaches philosophy at Stony Brook University on Long Island and writes a column for the magazine Physics World, describes mans quest for that metrological holy grail. In the process, he shows that the story of metrology, not obvious material for a pageturner, can in the right hands make for a riveting read.

　　[B] In response the metre, from the Greek metron, meaning “measure”， was ushered in, helped along by French revolutionaries, eager to replace the Bourbon toise （just under two metres） with an allnew, universal unit. The metre was to be defined as a fraction of the Paris meridian whose precise measurement was under way. Together with the kilogram, initially the mass of a decaliter of distilled water, it formed the basis of the metric system.

　　[C] Successful French metrological diplomacy meant that in the ensuing decades the metric system supplanted a hotchpotch of regional units in all bar a handful of nations. Even Britain, long wedded to its imperial measures, caved in. （Americans are taking longer to persuade.） In 1875 Nature, a British magazine, hailed the metric system as “one of the greatest triumphs of modern civilisation”。 Paradoxically, Mr Crease argues, it thrived in part as a consequence of British imperialism, which all but wiped out innumerable indigenous measurement systems, creating a vacuum that the new framework was able to fill.

　　[D] For all its diplomatic success, though, the metre failed to live up to its original promise. Tying it to the meridian, or any other natural benchmark, proved intractable. As a result, the unit continued to be defined in explicit reference to a unique platinumiridium ingot until 1960. Only then was it recast in less fleeting terms: as a multiple of the wavelength of a particular type of light. Finally, in 1983, it was tied to a fundamental physical constant, the speed of light, becoming the distance light travels in 1/299,792,458 of a second. （The second had by then itself got a metrological makeover: no longer a 60th of a 60th of a 24th of the period of the Earths rotation, it is currently the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of a phenomenon called microwave transition in an atom of caesium133.）

　　[E] The earliest known units met the first two of Mr Creases requirements well. Most were drawn from things to hand: the human body （the foot or the mile, which derives from the Latin milia passuum, or 1,000 paces） and tools （barrels, cups）。 Others were more abstract. The journal （from jour, French for “day”）， used in medieval France, was equivalent to the area a man could plough in a day with a single ox, as was the acre in Britain or the morgen in north Germany and Holland.

　　[F] But no two feet, barrels or workdays are quite the same. What was needed was “a foot, not yours or mine”。 Calls for a firm standard that was not subject to fluctuations or the whim of feudal lords, grew louder in the late 17th century. They were a consequence of the beginnings of international trade and modern science. Both required greater precision to advance.

　　[G] Now the kilogram, the last artefactbased unit, awaits its turn. Adding urgency is the fact the “real” kilogram, stored in a safe in the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Sèvres, near Paris, seems to be shedding weight relative to its official copies. Metrologists are busy trying to recast it in terms of Plancks constant, a formula which is deemed cosmicly inviolate, as is the speed of light （pending further findings from CERN, anyway）。 In his jolly book, Mr Crease is cheering them on.

　　A→1→2→3→4→5→G

　　Passage 8

　　Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs B and G have been correctly placed.

　　[A] There are doubters, of course. The cost of electricity may rise, and some polluters may flee the state, taking jobs away. But California already has one in four of Americas solarenergy jobs and will add many more. Sun, wind, geothermal, nuclear: “We need it all,” says Terry Tamminen, who advised Mr Schwarzenegger. The state is setting up an “interesting experiment”， he thinks. “California goes one way, the United States another.”

　　[B] To Europeans, Asians and Australians, this may seem nothing much. After all, the European Union already has a similar emissionstrading market, and a carbon tax is now wending its way through the Australian legislature. India have adopted versions of carbon taxes or emissions trading. But California is in America, which has taken a sharp turn in the opposite direction. Congress debated a capandtrade system in 2009, but then allowed it to die. Republicans attacked it as “capandtax”， and increasingly deny that climate change is a problem at all. Some even point to the bankruptcy of Solyndra, a Californian maker of solar panels which had received lots of federal money, as proof that renewable energy is a wasteful pinko pipedream.

　　[C] But California is staying its course. Besides capandtrade, its climatechange law calls for lower exhaustpipe emissions from vehicles and cleaner appliances, and requires the states utilities to use renewable energy for onethird of the states electricity by 2020. In the Californian mainstream the controversy is not whether to do this, but how.

　　[D] More complex and less elegant （but politically easier） than a simple carbon tax, a capandtrade system limits the emissions of dirty industries and puts a price on their remaining pollution so that market forces, in theroy, provide an incentive for reductions. In Californias case, starting in 2013 the government will “cap” the amount of gases （such as carbon dioxide） that industry may emit, and gradually lower that cap. It will also issue permits to companies for their carbon allowance. Firms that reduce their emissions faster than the cap decreases may sell （“trade”） their permits and make money. Firms that pollute beyond their quota must buy credits.

　　[E] Jerry Brown started talking about solar power in the 1970s, when he was Californias governor for the first time. He was lampooned for it, but the vision gradually became attractive in a state that is naturally sunny and, especially along the coastline, cares about the environment. So in 2006, under a Republican governor, Arnold Schwarzenegger, California set a goal to reduce its green house gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. This year Mr Brown, governor once again, signed the last bits of that goal into law. And this month the states airquality regulators unanimously voted to adopt its most controversial but crucial component: a capandtrade system.

　　[F] Some firms are building vast fields of mirrors in the Mojave desert to focus the sun onto water boilers and use the steam to spin turbines. But this also requires costly power grids to carry the electricity to the distant cities. Unexpectedly, it has also drawn the ire of some environmentalists, who love renewable energy but hate the mirrors （or wind farms） that ruin landscapes. In the Mojave they fret about a species of tortoise. Elsewhere they have gone to court for the bluntnosed leopard lizard and the giant kangaroo rat.

　　[G] The progress of the other main kind of solar technology, photovoltaic （PV） solar cells, looks stronger. The price of PV panels has dropped in recent years, and there are plans to simplify the paperwork for Californians who want to put them on their own roofs, whence the electricity can be fed into the grid where it is needed. “Solar trees” are beginning to shade parking lots, their panels beautifully tilting to face the sun as it moves.

　　1→2→B→3→4→G→5

 

　　三、信息匹配题

　　Passage 1

　　Directions:

　　You are going to read a list of headings and a about a park naturalist. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A—F for each numbered paragraph （41—45）。 The first and last paragraphs of the are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET l. （10 points）

　　[A]Becoming a naturalist

　　[B]Seeing wonder in the ordinary

　　[C]A changing role

　　[D]Disgusting and embarrassing moments

　　[E]What does a park naturalist do?

　　[F]What does it take to be a park naturalist?

　　I have the best job in the Wisconsin State Park System. As a park naturalist at Peninsula State Park, I am busy writing reports, creating brochures about trees or flowers, and sometimes visiting schools.And, of course, I make sure Peninsula's feathered friends are well fed.

　　41. _____________

　　As a park naturalist I am a writer, a teacher, a historian and, if not a social worker, at least a mentor to young people interested in the environment. I love the diversity of my job. Every day is different. Most tasks require creativity. Now that I am an experienced naturalist, I have the freedom to plan my own day and make decisions about the types of programs that we offer at Peninsula.

　　42. _____________

　　In my first naturalist job, I spent four out of five days leading school field trips and visiting classrooms. As a state park naturalist I still work with students, but more often lead programs like bird walks, nature crafts, outdoor skills, and trail hikes. I also find myself increasingly involved in management decisions. For example, sometimes the park naturalist is the person who knows where rare orchids grow or where ravens nest. When decisions are made about cutting trees, building trails, or creating more campsites. naturalists are asked to give the “ecological perspective.”

　　43. _____________

　　Perhaps the grossest thing I've done as a naturalist is to boil animal skulls. Visitors like seeing bones and skins—at least after they have been cleaned up! Once, our nature center needed more skulls. A trapper gave me muskrat, raccoon and fox skulls but I had to clean them. First, I boiled the skin and meat off. Boy, did that stink! Then I used dissecting tools and old toothbrushes to clean out the eyeballs. Finally, I soaked the skulls in a bleach solution. I've had some embarrassing experiences, too. On my first hike as Peninsula's new naturalist, I was so excited that I identified a white pine tree as a red pine tree! That's quite a mistake since the trees are so easy to tell apart. White pine needles are in bundles of five and red pine needles are in bundles of two.

　　44. _____________

　　Not all state parks are as busy or as big as Peninsula. Not all park naturalists spend the seasons as I do. Nevertheless, park naturalists share certain common interests and responsibilities: A park naturalist might notice that branches of a red maple growing in a field reach out to the side while those of a red maple in a thick forest reach up, and wonder why the trees look different. A naturalist makes things happen. It might be working with workers to clean up part of a river. Park naturalists share knowledge in different ways, but all of them communicate with people. A love of learning--from other people, from plants and animals, from books, and more—is an essential quality. Most naturalists don't work in places of rare beauty. Many work in city parks or in places that show “wear and tear.” If you can wonder about an inchworm, a juniper bush, or a robin and cause others to wonder, too, then you are ready to become a park naturalist.

　　45. _____________

　　If you think you want to become a park naturalist, do the following:

　　Explore your home landscape. Knowing how people have shaped the land where you live-and how the land has shaped them-will lend a comparison that will serve you well.

　　Start a field sketch book.Sketch what you see, where and when. The reason is not to practice art skills （though you may discover you have a talent） but, rather, to practice observation skills.

　　Go to college. You will need a 4-year degree. There are several academic routes that lead to the naturalist's road. I have found ornithology, plant taxonomy and human growth and development to be among my most helpful courses.

　　Listen and learn. A college degree is like a ticket. It lets you board the plane but is only the beginning of the journey. Look and listen to those who have already traveled the road for ideas, knowledge and inspiration.

　　Passage 2

　　Directions: Reading the following and answer questions by finding a subtitle for each of the marked parts or paragraphs. There are two extra items in the subtitle. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET . （10 points）

　　A. The consequence of losing bones

　　B. A better lab than on earth

　　C. Two different cases

　　D. Multiple effects form weightlessness

　　E. How to overcome weightlessness

　　F. Factors that are not so sure

　　During weightlessness, the forces within the body undergo dramatic change. Because the spine is no longer compressed, people grow taller. The lungs, heart and other organs within the chest have no weight, and as a result, the rib cage and chest relax and expand. Similarly, the weights of the liver, kidneys, stomach and bowels disappear. One astronaut said after his flight: “You feel your guts floating up. I found myself tightening my belly, sort of pushing things back。”

　　41.

　　Meanwhile muscles and bones come to be used in different ways. Our muscles are designed to support us when stand or sit upright and to move body parts. But in space, muscles used for support on the ground are no longer needed for that purpose; moreover, the muscles used for movement around a capsule differ from those used for walking down a hall. Consequently, some muscles rapidly weaken. This doesn't present a problem to space travelers as long as they perform only light work. But preventing the loss of muscle tissue required for heavy work during space walks and preserving muscle for safe return to Earth are the subject of many current experiments。

　　Studies have shown that astronauts lose bone mass from the lower spine, hips and upper leg at a rate of about 1 percent per month for the entire duration of their time in space. Some sites, such as the heel, lose calcium faster than others. Studies of animals taken into space suggest that bone formation also declines。

　　42.

　　Needless to say, these data are indeed cause for concern. During space flight, the loss of bone elevates calcium levels in the body, potentially causing kidney stones and calcium crystals to form in other tissues. Back on the ground, the loss of bone calcium stops within one month, but scientists do not yet know whether the bone recovers completely: too few people have flown in space for long periods. Some bone loss may be permanent, in which case ex-astronauts will always be more prone to broken bones。

　　43.

　　These questions mirror those in our understanding of how the body works here on Earth. For example, elderly women are prone to a loss of bone mass. Scientists understand that many different factors can be involved in this loss, but they do not yet know how the factors act and interact; this makes it difficult to develop an appropriate treatment. So it is with bone loss in space, where the right prescription still awaits discovery。

　　44.

　　Many other body systems are affected directly and indirectly. One example is the lung. Scientists have studied the lung in space and learned much they could not have learned in laboratories on earth. On the ground the top and bottom parts of the lung have different patterns of air flow and blood flow. But are these patterns the result only of gravity, or also of the nature of the lung itself? Only recently have studies in space provided clear evidence for the latter. Even in the absence of gravity, different parts of the lung have different levels of air flow and blood flow。

　　45.

　　Not everything that affects the body during space flight is related solely to weightlessness. Also affected, for example, are the immune system and the multiple systems responsible for the amount and quality of sleep（light levels and work schedules disrupt the body's normal rhythms）。 Looking out the spacecraft window just before going to sleep（an action difficult to resist, considering the view） can let enough bright light into the eye to trigger just the wrong brain response, leading to poor sleep. As time goes on, the sleep debt accumulates。

　　For long space voyages, travelers must also face being confined in a tight volume, unable to escape, isolated from the normal life of Earth, living with a small, fixed group of companions who often come from different cultures. These challenges can lead to anxiety, depression, crew tension and other social issues, which affect astronauts just as much as weightlessness—perhaps even more. Because these factors operate at the same time the body is adapting to other environmental changes, it may not be clear which physiological changes result from which factors. Much work remains to be done.

 

　　Passage 3

　　Directions: you are going to read a list of headings and a about what personal qualities a teacher should have. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph （41-45）。 There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）

　　A） It's the teacher's obligation to be upright.

　　B） Good characteristics are important.

　　C） Teachers should show endurance.

　　D） Teachers can make quick adjustment.

　　E） Teachers should never stop learning.

　　F） Teachers should identify with students.

　　G） Teachers' duties are given by government.

　　Here I want to try to give you an answer to the question: What personal qualities are desirable in a teacher? Probably mp two people would draw up exactly similar lists, but I think the following would be generally accepted.

　　41____________________

　　First, the teacher's personality should be pleasantly live and attractive. This does not rule out people who are physically plain, or even ugly, because many such have great personal charm. But it does rule out such type as the over-excitable, melancholy, frigid, sarcastic, cynical, frustrated, and over-bearing: I would say too, that it excludes all of dull or purely negative personality. I still stick to what I said in my earlier book: “that school children probably suffer more from 'bores than from brutes‘”。

　　42.___________________________

　　Secondly, it is not merely desirable but essential for a teacher to have genuine capacity for sympathy---in the literal meaning of that word: a capacity to tune into the minds and feelings of other people, especially, since most teachers are school teachers, to the minds and feelings of children. Closely related with this is the capacity to be tolerant--- not, indeed, of what is wrong, but of the frailty and immaturity of human nature which induce people and again especially children, to make mistakes.

　　43.________________

　　Thirdly, I hold it essential for a teacher to be both intellectually and morally honest. This does not mean being a plaster saint. It means that he will be aware of his intellectual strengths and limitations, and will have thought about and decided upon the moral principles by which his life shall be guided. There is no contradiction in my going on to say that a teacher should be a bit of an actor. That is part of the technique of teaching, which demands that every now and then a teacher should be able to put on an act--- to enliven a lesson, correct a fault, or award praise. Children, especially young children, live in a world that is rather larger than life.

　　44.______________

　　A teacher must remain mentally alert. He will not get into the profession if of low intelligence, but it is all too easy, even for people of above- average intelligence, to stagnate intellectually ---and that means to deteriorate intellectually. A teacher must be quick to adapt himself to any situation, however improbable and able to improvise, if necessary at less than a moment's notice.

　　45.________________________

　　On the other hand, a teacher must be capable of infinite patience. This, I ust say, is largely a matter of self-discipline and self-training; we are none of us born like that. He must be pretty resilient; teaching makes great demands on nervous energy. And should be able to take in his stride the innumerable pretty irritations any adult dealing with children has to endure.

　　Finally, I think a teacher should have the kind of mind which always wants to go on learning. Teaching is a job at which one will never be perfect; there is always something more to learn about it. There are three principal objects of study: the subject, or subjects, which the teacher is teaching; the method by which they can best be taught to the particular pupils in the classes he is teaching; and ---by far the most important---the children, young people, or adults to whom they are to be taught. The two cardinal principles of British education today are that education is education of the whole person, and that it is best acquired through full and active co-operation between two persons, the teacher and the learner.

　　Passage 4

　　Directions：You are going to read a list of headings and a about teaching a second language. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph （41-45）。The first and last paragraphs of the are not numbered. There are two extra headings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET l. （10 points）

　　A） Asking for parental involvement

　　B） Setting up small groups

　　C） Making classroom events predictable

　　D） Extending the patterns of classroom communications

　　E） Supporting students' use of language for second language acquisition

　　F） Encouraging students to use models

　　G） Allowing variability in the patterns of classroom communications

　　How to Teach a Second Language

　　It should be evident that the way in which the patterns of communication are established and maintained in second language classroom is not random. Teachers, by virtue of the status they hold and the ways they use language, have the authority to retain control over both the content and structure of classroom communication. At times, teachers tightly control the topic of discussion, what counts as relevant to that topic, who may participate and when. At other times, teachers grant a varying degree of control to their students by allowing them to select when and how they will participate. Thus, the patterns of classroom communication depend largely on how teachers use language to control the structure and content of classroom events.

　　_________41____________________________________________________________________

　　To promote the patterns of communication I second language classrooms, teachers must establish an atmosphere in and outside the classroom that is encouraging, supporting and accepting of any and all student contributions. This means accepting student contributions not as right or wrong answers but as an indication of where students are, what students understand and how they have made sense of what they are learning. For example, second language students spend much less time in school than outside school. Therefore, what they learn at home and in their primary social communities greatly influence how they learn, talk, act and interact. If teachers wish to promote communications in second language classrooms, they must make efforts to learn about the home culture and social communities of their second language students by working closely with parents and community members.

　　____________________________42__________________________________________

　　As for second language classroom communication, when students know exactly what is expected of them and have plenty of opportunities to prepare, they are more willing and able to participate in classroom events. To do so, teachers can provide students with models to demonstrate exactly what they are expected to do within the con of full performance.

　　______________________________43___________________________________________

　　Nevertheless, teachers need to adjust their instructional practices to adapt to their students' communicative behavior. This means teachers need to bring into classrooms students' own frames of reference, particularly their cultural beliefs, assumptions and expectations about who they are and what role they should play.

　　____________________________________44_________________________________________

　　Teachers need to find out the most effective form and way to deliver language to students and help their learning. It is proposed that small group activities are more conducive for learning since they tend to distance teachers' control over the patterns of communication. In addition, small group activities enable students to take a more active role in what they are learning, as well as have more opportunities to contribute to and help formulate the information that is generated and learned.

　　___________________________________45_____________________________________

　　Students are challenged to use language that is beyond their current proficiency level, and their attempts to do so should be supported by teachers. In this way, students have opportunities to participate in a range of language functions and use language in both planned and unplanned discourse. Consequently, students will gradually develop their own ability to master a second language.

　　This chapter has examined a range of issues that teachers must consider if they wish to promote more effective language learning of their second language students: they must be willing to look and listen to their students, to see what they are capable of, to alter, to adjust and extend what they do, so as to maximize their students' competencies and performance.

 

　　Passage 5

　　Directions：You are going to read a list of headings and a about business school and MBA（Master of Business Administration） education. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph （41-45）。The first and last paragraphs of the are not numbered. There are two extra headings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET l. （10 points）

　　A） MBA program boom in South Africa

　　B） Current assessment of MBA programs

　　C） Views on the rankings of MBA programs

　　D） Abundance of MBA programs worldwide

　　E） Rankings are misleading

　　F） Variation in MBA courses

　　G） Prominence as a factor in assessment

　　Choosing an MBA program

　　Business school enrollment has jumped in the past few years as increasing numbers of students seek careers in the world. The rising demand has encouraged intense competition and growth among business programs.

　　___________________________________41______________________________________

　　Students find deciding on an MBA program to be a daunting task. This is in part due to the proliferation of options. There are now more than 1,000MBA programs in the United States, 700 in Europe---including over 300 in Britain--- and some 525 in the rest of the world, with the greatest concentration in the Asia-Pacific region. The boom has recently hit South Africa as well, where ten years ago, the nation offered half a dozen programs. Now more than 40 are provided, most by foreign business schools. In some respects, the schools differ little--- 75percent of them are general management programs. But the options remain, with full-time programs accounting for only 42 percent of the total, the rest being part-time, modular and distance learning.

　　______________________________42___________________________________________

　　Some full-time programs are delivered through evening-only lectures, and some modular programs are full-time because of so much project work. More than 90 percent of the programs are in English, the others being offered in 23 languages with Spanish the most common. Many programs---especially the executive ones---require years of experience before admission. Yet “executive” can also define a part-time, accelerated program. The potential student---prepared to spend around﹩15,000 per year--- faces a bewildering array of products, often described in inconsistent terminology but with no essential difference in instruction.

　　_________________________________43________________________________________

　　Business schools, with a few notable exceptions, have not clearly explained their assessment comparison criteria. They argue that an MBA is an MBA, differing only in the name and cost of the issuing school. In order to help the layman, newspapers have often stepped in to shed light on this confusion, judging schools and programs, and providing rankings.

　　_________________________________44_______________________________________

　　Applicants prefer rankings, but the school for them most part do not. European schools, in particular, argue that rankings are misleading as they may use a narrow range of often-inappropriate measures which fail to reveal the true competence of unique programs. Several schools have contested and boycotted league tables. Nevertheless, the number of business schools which participate in rankings is actually growing, in part because rankings tell potential customers what they need to know. Since business schools must market to applicants as if they were consumers, most take rankings seriously.

　　___________________________________45____________________________________

　　A ranking is just one factor that underpins the success of schools and MBA programs. The programs must not only rank highly, they must also be known. Schools want their programs---and graduates want their degrees ---to receive instant recognition and respect. Until recently, prominence has been largely overlooked in the assessment of MBA programs, but the Internet now provides another channel of communication and reputation for schools and their market.

　　The MBA is the principal product in the most market-oriented sector of higher education. Given the globalization of business, increased communication, and the ability to deliver content to individuals wherever they are, the complexity and competitiveness of this pioneering educational marketplace can only increase.

　　Passage 6

　　Directions：You are going to read a list of headings and a about U.S. firms participating global competition. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph （41-45）。The first and last paragraphs of the are not numbered. There are two extra headings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET l. （10 points）

　　A） Entering international markets

　　B） Satisfying global customers

　　C） Lowering prices by manufacturing overseas

　　D） Facing threats of global markets

　　E） Recognizing the constraints of global markets

　　F） Being better than competition

　　G） Coordinating marketing activities

　　We live in an increasingly interdependent world, and perhaps someday we will live in a “world without borders”， to borrow from the title of a provocative book of 1970s. Globalization is of great significance to both poor and rich nations, since competition now spans beyond borders.

　　_____________________________41__________________________________________

　　“The world is too much with us,” said Wordsworth. That could be the main complaint of many U.S. businesses that see themselves threatened by increases in imported goods. Imports were only 1 percent of the U.S. gross national products （GNP） in 1954; they were 6 percent of GNP in 1964 and 10 percent in 1984. The interdependence suggested by such terms as global village and world economy is being recognized by business managers. Therefore, many more U.S. firms, whether they like it or not, will be forced to become part of world markets and global competition. Meanwhile, other nations such as Japan and Germany have had open economies for some time. Their firms are more accustomed to selling in international markets. Hence, U.S. firms have some catching up to do to compete effectively and gain market share in world markets.

　　______________________________42_____________________________________

　　To compete in world markets, firms must have an in depth understanding of customers' needs. If customers needs differ dramatically across countries and regions, a company must consider how to adapt its products and various elements of the marketing mix to customer needs. If prices must be lowered, the company needs to consider how to design a product to lower manufacturing costs and decide whether to manufacture the product at home or overseas to achieve lower cost. A well-articulated distribution and logistics system is needed to make goods and services available at the point of sale in sufficient quantities. Firms also need to develop global customer database and information systems to understand and respond to customer needs and purchasing decisions.

　　________________________________43_______________________________________

　　Firms must contend with both domestic and global competition. Global competitors could include large multinational and state-owned enterprises that might be market share oriented rather than profit oriented as well as small local firms with other goals. Long-term success comes in part from monitoring, assessing and responding to actions by all sorts of competitors, especially through understanding the competitive and comparative advantages enjoyed by competitors, and finally ensuring success by offering more value, developing superior brand image and product positioning, broader product range, lower prices, higher quality and superior distribution services to more effectively meet customers' need.

　　_________________________________44________________________________________

　　International marketing creates a new level of complexity. In order to face this challenge, firms must consider staffing and allocating responsibilities across marketing units in different countries, and deciding which decision to decentralize or to control from headquarters, whether to develop standardized campaigns and plans, and how much local responsiveness is appropriate.

　　_________________________________45______________________________________

　　As firms attempt to market in the international arena, they not only face challenges from different competitors, but need to cope with cultural and economic differences that exist in the marketing infrastructure, such as the financial regulations imposed b local governments, and the impact of government policies, especially protectionist and other policies that may unfairly benefit competitors and create difficulty in market entry. To level the playing field, a firm may decide to begin manufacturing overseas to lower its costs and match the lower prices of strong international competition. Very often, a firm may not find it feasible to go alone into foreign markets. In this case, its international marketing endeavor becomes more complex as it joins with a local partner that has specialized knowledge of a specific market and its customers. Some firms find that local partners can force them to change the way they do business. A local partner may insist that the firm accept payment in kind: orange juice or wine in return for machinery, which means a firm has to peddle orange juice or wine around the world.

　　Although the global market is attractive, U.S. firms have been slow to take advantage of it. The United States has always been one of the world's largest markets. However, ignoring foreign markets and foreign competition has two dangers for U.S. companies: losing market share at home and not profiting from higher growth in markets overseas.

 

　　新题型参考答案

　　一、七选五

　　Passage 1 DGAEB

　　Passage 2 BGDAC

　　Passage 3 CBFEA

　　Passage 4 EDBFA

　　Passage 5 BFACD

　　Passage 6 CEFAD

　　Passage 7 FCEGA

　　Passage 8 DCAFB

　　二、排序题

　　Passage 1 EBCGF

　　Passage 2 FCAGB

　　Passage 3 AGEBD

　　Passage 4 EFBCG

　　Passage 5 BFGAD

　　Passage 6 DFEGC

　　Passage 7 EFBCD

　　Passage 8 BFDGA

　　三、标题匹配题

　　Passage 1 ECDFA

　　Passage 2 CAFBD

　　Passage 3 BFADC

　　Passage 4 DCGBE

　　Passage 5 DFBCG

　　Passage 6 ABFGE